Hectic rise in settlement building in 2013
Monday, March 10, 2014 at 11:29PM The article from Haaretz is followed by one from Al Jazeera which was written 18 months ago. The situation has not changed except for the increase in ‘ideological’ settlers.
Quick construction of apartment blocks to make the illegal West Bank settlement of Beitar Ilit. Photo by Reuters.
Settlement construction more than doubled in 2013
The number of housing starts in West Bank settlements more than doubled in 2013, according to data released Monday by the Central Bureau of Statistics.
The figures were released only hours before Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was due to meet with President Barack Obama in Washington. The two have serious differences over Israel's settlement policies.
In its annual roundup of the Israeli housing market, the bureau said work began on 2,534 new housing units in the settlements in 2013, compared to 1,133 in 2012. The period covered coincides roughly with the tenure of Uri Ariel (Habayit Hayehudi) as Housing Minister.
The number of West Bank housing starts in 2013 is a 10-year high. The highest annual number ever was the 5,000 units built in 2000 under the Barak government.
Of the 2013 housing starts, 1,710 were in apartment buildings typical of the larger settlements, like Maale Adumim, Beitar Ilit and Modiin Ilit, while 824 were single units in the smaller settlements.
Sixty-four percent of the starts – 1,161 units – were public housing, a figure that is significantly higher than what is common within the Green Line. It indicates the huge efforts being made by the government to build in the territories. In the north of the country, for example, public housing accounts for only 20 percent of construction, while in the south it accounts for 30 percent.
The bureau's figures refer to approved construction that is undertaken with permits. The significant amount of illegal building in West Bank outposts is not counted.
Accelerated construction is the trend within the Green Line as well. The bureau reported 44,340 housing starts throughout the country in 2013.
The Yesha Council of settlements said the enormous jump in percentage terms stemmed from a government freeze on tenders the previous year. In absolute terms, it said, the West Bank had fewer housing starts than any other region of the country.
Moreover, said council Deputy Director General Yigal Dilmoni, the quantity is still insufficient to meet the needs of the settlements’ population, which is growing “at two and a half times the rate” of the rest of the country.
He urged the government to unfreeze additional tenders, saying this would create more housing near the center of the country, and thereby both ease the housing shortage and lower housing prices.
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The West Bank Jewish settlement of Ofra – identifiable as one by its cheap uniformity. Would a North European Ashkenazi Jew choose to live here? Photo by Reuters.
Israeli settlers lured by subsidies
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/201282211420708214.html
by Mya Guarnieri 23 August 2012 Al Jazeera
Jewish migrants flock to the occupied West Bank as more Palestinians and Bedouin are evicted from their homes.
Ariel, the occupied West Bank - It is the stereotypical image of an Israeli settlement: a man with sidecurls and skullcap, and an assault rifle slung over his shoulder. A mob uproots olive trees and harasses Palestinian farmers. A mosque is set ablaze in a so-called "price tag attack", retaliation for a slight - real or perceived.
But surveys have found that many, if not most, of those who moved to East Jerusalem and the occupied West Bank are not driven by ideology, religion or politics. They have been lured by government subsidies that significantly lower their cost of living.
Bar Malul, 21, lives in the West Bank settlement of Ariel and works at the health food store in the town's commercial centre. As she weighs freshly ground coffee, Malul explains that her parents moved the family from Israel to the West Bank 15 years ago, "because it was comparatively cheaper than other places".
A sign in Ariel advertises four-bedroom homes starting from $200,000. In Tel Aviv, the same amount of money buys a two-room apartment in Kiryat Shalom, a poor neighbourhood in the south of the city.
The settlements are also appealing to young families. The Israeli Ministry of Education spends more per pupil there than it does in Israel proper. According to the Israeli non-governmental organisation Peace Now, the ministry invests about 8,000 Israeli new shekels ($2,000) a year on every student over the Green Line - the pre-1967 boundary with the West Bank. That is nearly double what it spends on a pupil inside Israel
Most of Ariel's residents are here for economic reasons, Malul says. "There are a lot of Russian [immigrants]; the majority are Mizrachim… a small amount are Ashkenazim."
Both Mizrachim, Jews from Arab countries, and recent immigrants crowd around the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. Ashkenazim, Jews of Eastern European descent, are generally more affluent. Under greater financial pressure, the Mizrachim are pushed toward the settlements and Israel's less desirable peripherial areas. The Ashkenazim tend to cluster towards the centre of the country. The daughter of a Tunisian father and a Russian mother, Malul reflects on this trend.
Now, Ariel residents say prices are rising. Evgeni Siprmov, 29, emigrated from the former Soviet Union to the Israeli city of Petach Tikva with his parents in 1994. He moved to Ariel four years ago to study at the settlement's college. He was also drawn by the low cost of living.
"The food was never cheaper but the rent, yes, it was cheaper," Siprmov says as he sits at a green plastic table outside a kiosk and cracks open a can of beer. "It used to be that you would pay 400,000 [Israeli new shekels, or $99,875] to buy a small house here. It's 600,000 [$149,813] now - the same as Petach Tikva."
Siprmov, who just finished a bachelor's degree in economics and has yet to find a job on either side of the Green Line, adds: "There is no true [free market] competition here … It's all cartels."
Inside the Green Line, Israelis struggle to keep up with runaway housing costs, high taxes, and increasing food, gas, and electricity prices on relatively low wages - which sparked last summer's "social justice" protests. But, rather than investing in affordable housing inside of Israel, the state has instituted austerity measures and is giving more to the settlements.
According to the Israeli financial daily the Calcalist, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government has increased spending on settlements by 38 per cent. Peace Now reports that 2011 saw a 20 per cent rise in settlement construction. And the number of settlers has grown by 4.5 per cent in 2012.
While Ariel is quickly becoming unaffordable, it still holds some economic appeal.
Yusuf Jaber, 23, lives in a nearby Palestinian village and works at a restaurant in Ariel. Education and job opportunities are limited for Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Many like Jaber are left with no option but to work on the settlements built on Palestinian land, which pose a threat to an independent Palestinian state.
Jaber says he's less concerned about politics and more worried about making a living. He shrugs. "It doesn't matter if the [residents] are Palestinian or Jews - it's work."
Reverse migration
Lea Gal, 57, is an alternative medicine practitioner. She lives in Raanana, north of Tel Aviv, but spends an hour and a half each day commuting to Ariel. An immigrant from Russia, Gal explains, "I speak two languages [Hebrew and Russian] and that's needed here."
While the economy squeezes them out of Israel proper towards work and homes in the West Bank, small numbers of ideological settlers have begun moving back. Some relocate to Jewish-majority areas in hopes of radicalising Israeli society, and harnessing more support for settlements. Others have moved to mixed areas, where Jewish Israelis and Palestinians live in relative harmony, in order to assert a Jewish presence.
In south Tel Aviv's Shapira neighbourhood, a small group of former West Bank settlers have been instrumental in whipping up anti-African sentiment. Sharon Rothbard, a Shapira resident and historian, says the settlers' move to the area is an attempt "to build a coalition" on both sides of the Green Line.
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"The Palestinian villages of Susya and Zanuta are under threat of imminent demolition, and 1,500 Palestinians who live in an area the Israeli army calls Firing Zone 918 face eviction." |
As economic pressure grows, settlements expand, and the Israeli public drifts to the right, prospects for an independent Palestinian state fade. When asked if she believes settlements are an obstacle to peace, Malul expresses her disagreement with a curse. "No," Gal says. "The [Second] Intifada started in 2000 and there was nothing here."
While Ariel was founded in 1978, nine years before the First Intifada, many of the settlers interviewed echoed Gal's sentiment: settlements and occupation were both a response to the Intifada.
Ariel residents agree an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank is unlikely. But they find a one-state solution just as improbable. Gal says while she is opposed to evacuating Israeli settlements, she is also against the evictions of Palestinians. According to the United Nations, the rate of Israeli demolitions of Palestinian and Bedouin homes and structures in the West Bank has increased in 2012, resulting in the "forced displacement" of more than 600 Palestinians - about half of them children.
The Palestinian villages of Susya and Zanuta are under threat of imminent demolition, and 1,500 Palestinians who live in an area the Israeli army calls Firing Zone 918 face eviction.
When Palestinians are displaced, it is usually to make way for expanding settlements and infrastructure. "What is there to do?" Gal asks. "Throw thousands of people from [the West Bank]? It doesn't matter [whether they're Palestinian or Israeli], it's impossible."
Malul agrees, adding Palestinians should be able to move freely between Israel and the Occupied Territories. "They were born here and I was born here … they should be able to enter, too."
Malul admits, however, her views are not necessarily representative of most settlers, or mainstream Israeli society. "It pains me to hear 'death to the Arabs' … and at the checkpoints when [soldiers] take them off the buses. [The Palestinians] are good people … they're people who want to work, who want to make a living for their families."